Intramuscular versus intradermal botulinum toxin for forehead wrinkles: a review of side effects and efficacy.

Botulinum toxin type A (BTA) is a neurotoxin used for both cosmetic and non-cosmetic purposes. BTA is commonly administered as an intramuscular injection to treat wrinkles. However, when it comes to treating forehead wrinkles, intramuscular injection is associated with a greater rate of ptosis. Intradermal injection is currently thought to be a better alternative. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for research articles published between 1989 and 2023 using the following keywords: "intradermal," "intramuscular," "botulinum toxin," and "forehead wrinkle." The search yielded three randomized controlled trials and a double-blind, split-face case report on 58 patients. We found that although intradermal and intramuscular injections have symmetrical anti-wrinkle effects, the former results in a lower rate of ptosis and a greater degree of pain.

The Use of 2D:4D Digit Ratio as a Predictor of Androgenetic Alopecia: A Review.

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a widespread type of hair loss that affects both males and females. Advanced age and family history of AGA are well-established risk factors for developing AGA. The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is the ratio between the length of the index and ring fingers. This ratio has been utilized as a predictor for multiple hyperandrogenism-related medical conditions. More recently, 2D:4D was investigated as a predictor for AGA. This article aims to investigate the evidence supporting the use of 2D:4D as a predictor of AGA, and address areas of future research.

The psychosocial burden of androgenetic alopecia in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study.

Background: The most prevalent cause of hair loss is androgenetic alopecia. Improved therapeutic modalities may result from knowing how stress affects hair growth, incorporating stress-coping methods into the treatment of hair loss disorders, and developing new pharmacotherapeutic approaches. This study aimed to examine the psychosocial burden of androgenetic alopecia in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional online survey study was conducted among patients with androgenetic alopecia in Saudi Arabia in February 2023. A previously developed questionnaire was adapted from a previously published tool and used in this study. This association between patients' characteristics and the level of psychosocial disease was identified using binary logistic regression analysis. Results: This study included 1230 patients. The majority of the patients (78.0%) reported that they felt embarrassed by their androgenetic alopecia. The median score of the psychosocial impact of androgenetic alopecia on the patients was 1.00 (0.00-2.00), which is equal to 10.0%, reflecting a low level of psychosocial burden on the patients by their condition. Binary logistic regression analysis identified that patients without a family history of androgenetic alopecia were 36.0% less likely to be affected psychosocially by their condition (P < 0.01). Conclusions: A low-level psychosocial effect was seen in our study among individuals with androgenetic alopecia. Further research should be done to determine how the type of alopecia affects patients' psychological results, as well as the influence of the disease's duration on those outcomes. Dermatologists are recommended to raise patients' knowledge of their disease and lessen stigmatization in the meantime.

Ultraviolet imaging in dermatology.

Visual examination plays a central role in the diagnosis of skin diseases. Many dermatologists use magnification, or dermoscopy, to improve diagnostic certainty when assessing the skin under visible light. In addition to magnification, other technological advances have been made over the last century to improve our visual assessment of the skin. Examination of skin under ultraviolet (UV) radiation, with Wood's light, gained traction for its utility in assessing superficial cutaneous infections and pigmentary changes. During Wood's light examination, UV light is directed at the skin and fluorescence is detected by our eyes. The variable fluorescent characteristics of endogenous and exogenous cutaneous chromophores help us better diagnose skin disease. UV fluorescent photography is based on the same concept as the Wood's light, but also allows image analysis and documentation of the captured image. In addition to UV-induced fluorescence, the differential reflection and absorption of UV light captured in the UV spectral range can also provide a new contrast for diagnosing skin diseases during UV reflectance photography. This review discusses the most widely used UV imaging techniques and provides an overview of the role of UV imaging in dermatology.

Nevus Lipomatosis Cutaneous Superficialis: A Single-Center Case Series of 5 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Nevus lipomatosis cutaneous superficialis (NLCS) is a rare hamartoma of mature adipose tissue characterized by solitary or multiple, soft, skin-colored or yellowish lobules that may coalesce to give rise to plaques with a cerebriform surface. There are two clinical types: (1) multiple lesions that are usually presented in a segmental distribution and (2) a solitary papule or nodule. AIM AND OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical and histopathological features of 5 Saudi patients with NLCS. METHOD: A retrospective analysis of clinical data and histopathological findings of 5 cases of NLCS in King Khalid University Hospital between January 2011 and November 2016. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the clinical case files. Slides and tissue blocks were retrieved. H&E- and EVG-stained slides were studied in all cases. RESULTS: We identified 5 patients with NLCS, of whom 4 were female. The average age at diagnosis was 36 years. The mean duration of the lesion was 4.4 years. The most common location was the lower part of the body. Most of the cases were diagnosed as skin papilloma before skin biopsy. Surgical excision was effective and no recurrence was observed. CONCLUSION: This is the first study about this rare type of skin tumor in Saudi Arabia and highlights the need for awareness of this clinical condition among dermatologists.